bgirgis/concurrency-in-action
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull Requests Actions Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity

Run clang-format

Browse Source
This commit is contained in:
Bassem Girgis
2018-10-18 00:40:34 -05:00
parent fffe4528da
commit 31c32e368a
149 changed files with 5974 additions and 6287 deletions
Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

310
ch7/stack_ref.cpp
View File

@@ -1,183 +1,171 @@
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
#include <atomic>
#include <cstdio>
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
#include <thread>
template <typename T>
class stack
{
private:
struct node;
// the external count is kept alongside the poiner to the node and is
// increased every time the pointer is read. When the reader is finished
// with the node, it decraes the internal count. A simple operation that
// reads the pointer will thus leave the external count increaesd by one
// and the internal count decreased by one when it's finished.
//
// When the external count/pointer pairing is no longer required (that is,
// the node is no longer accessbile from a location accessible to multple
// threads), the internal count is increased by the value of the external
// count minus one and external counter is discarded. Once the internal
// count is equal to zero, there are no outstanding references to the node
// and it can be safely deleted.
struct counted_node_ptr
{
int external_count;
node *ptr;
};
class stack {
private:
struct node;
struct node
{
std::shared_ptr<T> data;
std::atomic_int internal_count;
counted_node_ptr next;
// the external count is kept alongside the poiner to the node and is
// increased every time the pointer is read. When the reader is finished
// with the node, it decraes the internal count. A simple operation that
// reads the pointer will thus leave the external count increaesd by one
// and the internal count decreased by one when it's finished.
//
// When the external count/pointer pairing is no longer required (that is,
// the node is no longer accessbile from a location accessible to multple
// threads), the internal count is increased by the value of the external
// count minus one and external counter is discarded. Once the internal
// count is equal to zero, there are no outstanding references to the node
// and it can be safely deleted.
struct counted_node_ptr {
int external_count;
node* ptr;
};
node(const T& data_)
: data(new T(data_))
, internal_count(0)
{}
};
struct node {
std::shared_ptr<T> data;
std::atomic_int internal_count;
counted_node_ptr next;
std::atomic<counted_node_ptr> head;
// NOTE: on those platforms that support a double-word-compare-and-swap
// operation, counted_node_ptr will be small enough for
// std::atomic<counted_node_ptr> to be lock-free. If it isn't on your
// platform, you might be better off using the std::shared_ptr<> version,
// because std::atomic<> will use a mutex to guarantee atomicity when the
// type is too large for the pltaform's atomic instrcutions (thus rending
// your "lock-free" algorithm lock-based after all). Alternatively, if
// you are're willing to limit the size of the counter, and you know that
// your platform has spare bits in a pointer (for example, because the
// address space is only 48 bits but a pointer is 64 bits), you can store
// the count inside the spare bits of the pointer to fit it all back in a
// single machine word.
node(const T& data_) : data(new T(data_)), internal_count(0) {}
};
std::atomic<counted_node_ptr> head;
// NOTE: on those platforms that support a double-word-compare-and-swap
// operation, counted_node_ptr will be small enough for
// std::atomic<counted_node_ptr> to be lock-free. If it isn't on your
// platform, you might be better off using the std::shared_ptr<> version,
// because std::atomic<> will use a mutex to guarantee atomicity when the
// type is too large for the pltaform's atomic instrcutions (thus rending
// your "lock-free" algorithm lock-based after all). Alternatively, if
// you are're willing to limit the size of the counter, and you know that
// your platform has spare bits in a pointer (for example, because the
// address space is only 48 bits but a pointer is 64 bits), you can store
// the count inside the spare bits of the pointer to fit it all back in a
// single machine word.
// once you've loaded the value of head, you must first increaes the count
// of external references to the head node to indicate that you're
// referencing it and to ensure that it's safe to deference it.
// By incrementing the external reference count, you ensure that the
// pointer remains valid for the duration of your access.
void increase_head_count(counted_node_ptr& old_counter)
{
counted_node_ptr new_counter;
// once you've loaded the value of head, you must first increaes the count
// of external references to the head node to indicate that you're
// referencing it and to ensure that it's safe to deference it.
// By incrementing the external reference count, you ensure that the
// pointer remains valid for the duration of your access.
void increase_head_count(counted_node_ptr& old_counter)
{
counted_node_ptr new_counter;
do
{
new_counter = old_counter;
++new_counter.external_count;
do {
new_counter = old_counter;
++new_counter.external_count;
} while (!head.compare_exchange_strong(old_counter, new_counter));
old_counter.external_count = new_counter.external_count;
}
public:
~stack()
{
while (pop())
;
}
void push(const T& data)
{
counted_node_ptr new_node;
new_node.ptr = new node(data);
// internal_count is zeor, and the external_count is one;
// because this is a new node, there's currently only one
// external reference to the node (the head pointer itself).
new_node.external_count = 1;
new_node.ptr->next = head.load();
while (!head.compare_exchange_weak(new_node.ptr->next, new_node))
;
}
std::shared_ptr<T> pop()
{
counted_node_ptr old_head = head.load();
for (;;) {
increase_head_count(old_head);
node* ptr = old_head.ptr;
// if the pointer is a null pointer, you're at the end of list:
// no more entires
if (!ptr) {
return std::shared_ptr<T>();
}
// if the pointer isn't a null pointer, try to remove the node
if (head.compare_exchange_strong(old_head, ptr->next)) {
// you've taken the ownership of the node and can swap out
// the data in prepration for returning it.
std::shared_ptr<T> res;
res.swap(ptr->data);
// you've removed the node from the list, so you drop one
// off the count for that, and you're no longer accessing
// the node from this thread, so you drop another off the
// count for that.
const int count_increase = old_head.external_count - 2;
// if the reference count is now zero, the previous value
// (which is what fetch_add returns) was the negative of what
// you just added, in which case you can delete the node.
if (ptr->internal_count.fetch_add(count_increase) == -count_increase) {
delete ptr;
}
while (!head.compare_exchange_strong(old_counter, new_counter));
old_counter.external_count = new_counter.external_count;
}
public:
~stack()
{
while (pop());
}
void push(const T& data)
{
counted_node_ptr new_node;
new_node.ptr = new node(data);
// internal_count is zeor, and the external_count is one;
// because this is a new node, there's currently only one
// external reference to the node (the head pointer itself).
new_node.external_count = 1;
new_node.ptr->next = head.load();
while (!head.compare_exchange_weak(new_node.ptr->next, new_node));
}
std::shared_ptr<T> pop()
{
counted_node_ptr old_head = head.load();
for (;;)
{
increase_head_count(old_head);
node* ptr = old_head.ptr;
// if the pointer is a null pointer, you're at the end of list:
// no more entires
if (!ptr)
{
return std::shared_ptr<T>();
}
// if the pointer isn't a null pointer, try to remove the node
if (head.compare_exchange_strong(old_head,ptr->next))
{
// you've taken the ownership of the node and can swap out
// the data in prepration for returning it.
std::shared_ptr<T> res;
res.swap(ptr->data);
// you've removed the node from the list, so you drop one
// off the count for that, and you're no longer accessing
// the node from this thread, so you drop another off the
// count for that.
const int count_increase = old_head.external_count - 2;
// if the reference count is now zero, the previous value
// (which is what fetch_add returns) was the negative of what
// you just added, in which case you can delete the node.
if (ptr->internal_count.fetch_add(count_increase) ==
-count_increase)
{
delete ptr;
}
// whether or not you deleted the node, you've finished.
return res;
}
// if the compare/exchange fails, another therad removed your node
// before you did, or another thread added a new node to the stack.
// Either way, you need start again with the fresh value of head
// returned by the compare/exchange call. But first you must
// decrease the reference count on the node you were trying to
// remove. This thread won't access it anymore. If you're the last
// thread to hold a reference (because another thread removed it
// from the stack), the internal reference count will be 1, so
// subtracing 1 will set the count to zero. In this case, you can
// delete the node here before you loop.
else if (ptr->internal_count.fetch_add(-1) == 1)
{
delete ptr;
}
}
// whether or not you deleted the node, you've finished.
return res;
}
// if the compare/exchange fails, another therad removed your node
// before you did, or another thread added a new node to the stack.
// Either way, you need start again with the fresh value of head
// returned by the compare/exchange call. But first you must
// decrease the reference count on the node you were trying to
// remove. This thread won't access it anymore. If you're the last
// thread to hold a reference (because another thread removed it
// from the stack), the internal reference count will be 1, so
// subtracing 1 will set the count to zero. In this case, you can
// delete the node here before you loop.
else if (ptr->internal_count.fetch_add(-1) == 1) {
delete ptr;
}
}
}
};
void push(stack<int>* s)
void
push(stack<int>* s)
{
for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
printf("pushing %d\n", i);
s->push(i);
for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
printf("pushing %d\n", i);
s->push(i);
}
}
void
pop(stack<int>* s)
{
int count = 0;
std::shared_ptr<int> e;
while (count < 10) {
if (e = s->pop()) {
printf("popping %d\n", *e);
++count;
}
}
}
void pop(stack<int>* s)
int
main()
{
int count = 0;
std::shared_ptr<int> e;
while (count < 10) {
if (e = s->pop()) {
printf("popping %d\n", *e);
++count;
}
}
stack<int> s;
std::thread t1(push, &s);
std::thread t2(pop, &s);
t1.join();
t2.join();
return 0;
}
int main()
{
stack<int> s;
std::thread t1(push, &s);
std::thread t2(pop, &s);
t1.join();
t2.join();
return 0;
}